So this: alert(1)//īecomes this after passing through the filter: alert(1) The double slash comments out the extra bracket on the closing tag so no error is produced. By using extra brackets, the filter can sometimes be tricked into accepting the remaining code. In certain situations, the filter might simply look for pairs of opening and closing brackets and compare the contents inside against a blacklist of bad tags. Much like delimiters, brackets can also be abused in an attempt to trick filters. If we switch around the order of the attributes from before, a filter that is unaware of grave accents will treat this as a single attribute that doesn't start with "on," effectively bypassing the filter. įilters will sometimes screen for certain keywords, like event handlers beginning with "on," in an effort to stop XSS attacks using that vector. The grave accent, or backtick, provides another useful trick that can often sneak past filters. The encoded values of these can also be utilized to try to bypass defenses. Sometimes, filters can be fooled simply by using single or double quotes as delimiters. In HTML, whitespace is usually used to separate attributes and their values. Clever use of delimiters can prove fruitful when searching for XSS vulnerabilities. Delimiters & BracketsĪ delimiter is one or more characters used to separate strings of text or other data streams. The new standard allows for event handlers within closing tags as well. Media, such as audio, video, and SVG graphics, can now be used. HTML5 also introduced some new attack vectors in regards to event handlers. Many of these don't even require any user interaction, making them ideal when carrying out tests. ĭepending on the type of filter in place, there are many other event handlers that can be used to probe for XSS flaws. The following example will trigger an alert box once the form input is submitted if it is vulnerable to XSS. We can use any appropriate event handler ( onsubmit, in this case) to craft a payload.
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Let's take our example from earlier using the input element and inject an event handler containing code to test for XSS. Don't Miss: Discover XSS Security Flaws by Fuzzing with These 3 Tools.Some examples of events are a button being clicked, a page load, or an error being thrown. Events can be initiated by the browser or a user.
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Event handlers are the means to make this happen, usually by way of JavaScript. The HTML language contains events, which are basically things that happen to the elements on a page. This can work on attribute names and values, too. Try inserting them at different positions. The null byte trick may also work on tag names. alert(1)Ĭhanging the case of the tag name can have desirable effects as well. Similar to before, we can also try replacing the space between the tag name and the first attribute. Sometimes even using an arbitrary tag name can bypass filters. We can insert our XSS test code by terminating the quotation marks of the attribute value and closing the input tag, like so: alert(1) For instance, take the input element which contains a value attribute: When probing for XSS vulnerabilities, these attributes can often be abused to introduce scripts and thus demonstrate that a flaw exists. HTML attributes provide additional information about certain elements on the page. Inserting a null byte anywhere in the XSS payload can sometimes defeat filters. alert(1)Īnother useful method that is often successful is the null byte trick. Varying the case of the script tags may also trick certain filters. Try inserting a space or tab after the opening script tag, like so: alert(1)Īlso, it works with an encoded tab, newline, or carriage return to break up the code. Sometimes a simple alteration of this code will defeat basic defensive filters. If the parameter being tested is vulnerable, an alert box will pop up showing a one. Most of the techniques we will explore will be a variation of a simple payload to test for XSS flaws, which looks like the following code. Depending on the complexity of the filter involved, these can yield results with minimal effort. We can start off with some relatively simple filter bypasses. But there is hope with a wide variety of techniques that can be used to defeat these filters.
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Filters are one of the most common implementations used to prevent this type of attack, usually configured as a blacklist of known bad expressions or based on regex evaluation. There is no shortage of defenses against cross-site scripting (XSS) since it is so prevalent on the web today.